Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy in Rheumatic Patients with Dry Eye Symptoms

Purpose: Hydroxychloroquine is widely used for long-term treatment of rheumatic diseases, but the drug can trigger irreversible toxic retinopathy. We studied prevalence of, and risk factors for, hydroxychloroquine retinopathy in patients with dry eye symptoms we introduce a representative case.Methods: retrospectively cohort 133 rheumatological who had taken at least 12 months visited our ophthalmology clinic from April 2016 to December 2021. was diagnosed via fundus photography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, Humphrey visual field test, autofluorescence multifocal electroretinography. The principal outcomes were first screening factors.Results: Of patients, seven (5.2%) screenings. Mann-Whitney U-test revealed that older age; higher daily doses; longer dosing duration; greater cumulative doses/kg statistically significant terms development. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, average dose (odds ratio [OR] 6.02; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.64-22.12, 100 mg increments) duration (OR 3.39; CI 1.19-9.62, 5 years remained (P = 0.021, P 0.007 respectively)Conclusions: Ophthalmologists should enquire about any history therapy, perform retinal examination, when encountering disease. Early detection followed by discontinuation only way prevent loss. High doses long durations are